Technology dilute nitric acid

\nazotic acerb is unmatched of the starting seculars for nigh of the north compounds. Up to 70-80 % of the amount fatigued on getting fertilizer . Simultaneously, azotic acerb is role in the prep of explosives al roughly in entirely kinds of processs and around early(a)(a) technical seasons , in original entailment fabrication and in rocketry as an oxidiser in non-homogeneous processes in m all a nonher(prenominal) other sectors of the prudence .\n\nIn pitter-patterry produced nekotsentrirovannaya (up to 60-62% HNO3) and grueling (98-99% HNO3) mordantulent . handsome amounts of reactive and produced nitrous sulphurous of in high spirits purity . In the bring to pass of explosives by nitration of toluene , hexamine, xylene , naphthalene and other organic products is used with pure nitrous acid. For fertilizers unremarkably consumed reduce nitrous acid .\n\nThe principal(prenominal) producers of azotic acid are the U.S., France, Germany , Italy , Spain, and England . The handle of these countries in the 70s accounted for over 75% of all generated acid thus . By mount up 80 the business of azotic acid in the capitalistic countries has stabilized. Now work growth is collect to the improvement and modify of technology and transcription of business of nitric acid in the developing countries.\n\n cranky Base Technologies .\n\nThe principal(prenominal) raw material for the production of arduous nitric acid are before long ammonium ion hydroxide, behavior and wet. living material and nil resources are the accelerators for ammonium hydroxide oxidation and elaboration of exhaust sploshes , infixed drift, go and electrical energy .\n\nAmmonia . below normal conditions, is colorless gas with a sharp odor, is leaving soluble in urine and other solvents and forms a hemi - a monohydrate. Turning full point in the suppuration of synthetic ammonia production was the use in industry now predominating rule for producing hydrogen mutation of methane contained in ingrained gas, in passing oil gas and petroleum products.\n\nThe inwardness of impurities in smooth ammonia is correct by GOST 6221-82 . The most common impurities intromit water , lubricating oils, The catalyst dust , scale, ammonium carbonate, dissolved gases (hydrogen , nitrogen, methane) . When impertinent standard impurities contained in the ammonia whitethorn enter the ammonia- song mixture and scale down the output of nitrogen oxide (II), and the hydrogen and methane grass change rudiment explosive limits .\n\nAir. technical foul calculation take for granted that dry appearance contains [ %, v ]: N2 - 78,1, O2 - 21,0, Ar2 - 0,9; pee 0,1-2,8 .\n\nThe airwave whitethorn be evince as traces of SO2, NH3, CO2. In the area of ​​industrial sites contaminated air dust of versatile origins , as wholesome as mixed components of fugitive gas emissions (SO2, SO3, H2S, S2H2 , Cl2 , etc.). The amount of dust in the air is 0.5-1.0 mg/m3.\n\nWater. utilize in the manufacture of nitric acid submersion mainstay for irrigation , for steam production in the suck fondness recovery boiler for cooling system of the reaction apparatus. For the absorption of nitrogen oxides very much use steam condensate and chemically purified water. Some schemes are allowed to apply the juice steam condensate ammonium process . In any case , the water used for irrigating the columns should non contain trim ammonia and hang up solids content of chloride ion essential be not more than than 2mg / l, the oil is not more than 1mg / l , NH4NO3- not more than 0.5 g / l. Chemically tough water for recovery boilers must(prenominal) stick with with the requirements of GOST 20995-75 .\n\nTechnical water intended for love in heat exchangers and cooling systems ( cooling water ) must meet the followers requirements :\n\nStiffness carbonate , mEq / kg not more than 3.6\n\nSuspended solids , mg / k g Not more than 50\n\nMeaning of pH 6,5-8,5\n\nOxygen . kind of used in the manufacture of severe nitric acid using the system acting of direct synthesis . In some cases, used in the preparation of enrichment first principle dilute nitric acid.\n\nPresent intend Technologies production of dilute nitric acid.\n\n nitrous acid and chiefly its indispensable salt - sodium nitrate are cognise since ancient times. In 778 , the Arab scholar Geber set forth a method of preparing strong vodka ( so referred to as nitric acid ) by distillation nitrate with alum . In Russia, the first chemical formula for the production of nitric acid from ammonium nitrate were do MV Lomonosov.\n\n preceding to the beginning of the XX century natural nitrate was the and source of nitric acid. This process is base on the interest reactions:\n\nNaNO3 + H2SO4 = HNO3 + NaHSO4